Papua New Guinea is one of the most linguistically and culturally diverse countries in the world. With a population of around 10 million, it is home to more than 800 distinct languages and thousands of cultural groups, many of which maintain traditional practices, knowledge systems, and governance structures. Tok Pisin, Hiri Motu, and English are the official languages, but local languages dominate daily village life, meaning multilingualism is the norm.
Diversity is also expressed through art, ritual, and performance. Ceremonial practices, such as singsings (gatherings with dance, music, and costume), vary widely across regions and are used to affirm alliances, resolve conflicts, and celebrate milestones.